Principles of Management CLEP Practice Exam 2026 - Free Management Practice Questions and Study Guide

In Expectancy Theory, Instrumentality specifically refers to the belief that performance will lead to a certain outcome or reward. This concept is crucial because it connects the level of performance to the anticipated outcomes or rewards that follow. If an individual believes that their performance will indeed result in a desired outcome, they are more likely to be motivated to perform well.

For instance, if an employee realizes that achieving targets will lead to a bonus or promotion, their motivation to put in the effort increases. This belief about the linkage between performance and rewards is what constitutes Instrumentality.

The other concepts outlined in the choices serve different purposes within the framework of Expectancy Theory. For example, the belief that effort will lead to performance pertains to Expectancy, while the value placed on rewards aligns with Valence. Understanding these nuances helps to clarify the multifaceted nature of motivation in the workplace as framed by Expectancy Theory.